內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介
一位網(wǎng)友想知道如何區(qū)分及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞以及謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞。要想?yún)^(qū)分及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞,首先要判斷動(dòng)詞后是否需要接直接賓語。謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞的主要區(qū)別則在于動(dòng)詞在句中的成分以及它是否會(huì)因人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。聽節(jié)目中兩位主持人的講解。
歡迎你加入并和我們一起討論英語學(xué)習(xí)的方方面面。請(qǐng)通過微博 “BBC英語教學(xué)” 或郵件與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。我們的郵箱地址是 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk
文字稿
(關(guān)于臺(tái)詞的備注: 請(qǐng)注意這不是廣播節(jié)目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒有體現(xiàn)錄制、編輯過程中對(duì)節(jié)目做出的改變。)
Jiaying
大家好,歡迎收聽 BBC英語教學(xué)的 “你問我答” 節(jié)目,我是佳瑩。
Phil
And I'm Phil. Welcome!
Jiaying
本期節(jié)目的問題來自一位網(wǎng)友,問題由我來代讀:
Question
您好,請(qǐng)問及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別以及謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別是什么?謝謝!
Phil
OK, there are two parts to this question, so I think we should start by looking at the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs.
Jiaying
好的,我們先來回答這個(gè)問題的第一部分,也就是及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別。在區(qū)分這兩類動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候,大家要記住這個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):及物動(dòng)詞需要接直接賓語,而不及物動(dòng)詞可以不接賓語。
Phil
Sometimes that difference is really clear – look at the words 'say' and 'talk'. If we use the word 'say', then we have to mention what's being said – that's the direct object. It's transitive – listen to these examples.
Examples
Can I say a few words?
(我能說幾句話嗎?)
He just said his name. Didn't you hear?
(他剛剛說了他的名字。你沒聽到嗎?)
Jiaying
在上面的兩個(gè)例句中,“say(說)” 和 “said(說了)” 的后面分別接賓語 “a few words(幾句話)” 和 “his name(他的名字)”。這兩句話的賓語都是所說的具體內(nèi)容。這里我們不能省略及物動(dòng)詞 “say” 或 “said” 后面的直接賓語。
Phil
So, now let's look at 'talk'. It has a similar meaning to 'say', but don't use a direct object with it – it's intransitive. Listen to these examples.
Examples
We talked for hours. I'm really tired now!
(我們聊了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。我現(xiàn)在真的很累?。?
He talks too much. I usually get bored.
(他太能說了。我通常會(huì)感到無聊。)
Jiaying
雖然動(dòng)詞 “talk” 和 “say” 都表示 “說”,但 “talk” 的具體含義是 “講話,談話”,它是不及物動(dòng)詞,所以不接直接賓語。
Phil
Now, an important thing to notice is that many verbs in English can be used as either transitive or intransitive.
Jiaying
沒錯(cuò),英語中有很多動(dòng)詞既可以作及物動(dòng)詞,也可以作不及物動(dòng)詞。來聽兩個(gè)例句,例句中都使用了動(dòng)詞 “drink”。
Examples
I drink whenever I exercise.
(我每次鍛煉時(shí)都會(huì)喝水。)
I drink coffee with my breakfast every day.
(我每天早餐都喝咖啡。)
Jiaying
這兩個(gè)例句都用了動(dòng)詞 “drink(喝)”。在第一個(gè)例句中,“drink” 是不及物動(dòng)詞,不接直接賓語,這里 “drink” 可以理解為 “喝水”;在第二個(gè)例句中,“drink” 則是及物動(dòng)詞,后面接賓語 “coffee(咖啡)”。
Phil
OK, hopefully we've managed to answer your question about transitive and intransitive verbs. Now let's look at predicate and non-predicate verbs – also called 'finite' and 'non-finite' verbs.
Jiaying
謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞也分別被稱作 “限定動(dòng)詞” 和 “非限定動(dòng)詞”。
謂語動(dòng)詞通常會(huì)根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化,而且它通常是句子中的主動(dòng)詞。
Examples
I drank some milk.
(我喝了一些牛奶。)
She drinks eight glasses of water a day.
(她每天喝八杯水。)
Jiaying
第一個(gè)例句是一般過去時(shí),所以謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式 “drank(喝了)”;第二個(gè)例句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主語是第三人稱單數(shù),所以謂語動(dòng)詞用 “drinks(喝)”。
Phil
Now, non-predicate or non-finite verbs don't change for tense or person. They can be infinitives, some -ing forms or some -ed forms like the past participle.
Jiaying
非謂語動(dòng)詞并不會(huì)因?yàn)槿朔Q或時(shí)態(tài)的變化而發(fā)生變化。非謂語動(dòng)詞可能是不定式 “to do”、現(xiàn)在分詞等一些動(dòng)詞的 -ing 形式或者過去分詞等一些動(dòng)詞的 -ed 形式。聽三個(gè)例句,例句中使用了 “drink” 的不同形式,邊聽邊思考每句話中非謂語動(dòng)詞起到的作用。
Examples
I really need something to drink.
(我真得喝點(diǎn)什么。)
Drinking coffee makes me more alert.
(喝咖啡讓我更清醒。)
I have drunk all the water in the bottle.
(我把瓶子里的水都喝光了。)
Jiaying
在第一個(gè)例句中,非謂語動(dòng)詞 “to drink” 用來修飾 “something(東西)”,所以 “to drink” 起到了形容詞的作用:“something to drink” 的意思就是 “用來喝的東西”。
Phil
The second example has the gerund 'drinking', which is acting like a noun.
Jiaying
是的,第二個(gè)例句中的動(dòng)名詞 “drinking” 是非謂語動(dòng)詞,它在句子中起到了名詞的作用。第三個(gè)例句中的過去分詞 “drunk” 是非謂語動(dòng)詞,它是構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一部分。
Phil
In this programme, we've looked at different ways of using verbs – we've looked at transitive and intransitive uses and predicate and non-predicate ways of using verbs.
Jiaying
希望通過我們的講解,大家對(duì)英語中動(dòng)詞的一些新用法有了更深的理解。
Phil
Remember that if you have a question that you'd like us to answer, you can email us too at: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk
Jiaying
你也可以把問題發(fā)送到我們的微博,微博賬號(hào)是 “BBC英語教學(xué)”。Bye, everyone!
Phil
Bye!